239 

3 
y 1 



MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 
The Extension Service 



Dairy Improvement 
Associations 




AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS 
1913 



Dairy Improvement Associations 
In Massachusetts 



Organization 

Purposes 

Results 



Material compiled from the Records 

of the 

Connecticut Valley Dairy Improvement Association 

and the 
Norfolk-Middlesex Dairy Improvement Association 



By G. F. STORY 

Extension Service, Massachusetts Agricultural College 



1913 






D. of D. 
JUL 24 1917 



Introduction. 

In preparing a bulletin on Dairy Improvement Association work in Massachusetts, 
it was thought best to briefly describe the purpose and benefits of Dairy Improvement 
Associations in general and follow this with the presentation of data showing the work of 
Associations already formed. At present, there are three Associations in Massachusetts 
located as follows: Connecticut Valley Association, centering at Amherst, in operation 
since June 1, 1911; Norfolk County Association, centering at Walpole, in operation since 
July 1, 1911; Littleton Association at Littleton, in operation since May 1, 1913. 

Compared with some other states, Massachusetts has been rather slow in organizing 
Dairy Improvement Associations. This may be due in part to the fact that Massa- 
chusetts is a milk producing state and the dairymen, as a rule, are not concerned with 
the Babcock test. However, New York, which is also a milk producing state, has 
eighteen (18) in operation, Vermont, nineteen (19), and so on throughout the country. 

The saving in feed cost due to co-operative buying and more careful feeding methods 
is of great importance even in a market milk section. 

It is doubtful if any one factor at present operative in Massachusetts is capable of 
greater benefit to the average dairyman than membership in a Dairy Improvement 
Association. 



What a Dairy Improvement Association Is. 

The Duties and Privileges of Members: 

It shall be the duty of the members to keep as accurate an account of milk production 
and feed consumed as is possible under ordinary farm practice, in order that they may 
give reliable information to the tester. 

One of the greatest benefits to be obtained, aside from the work of the tester, will be 
the weighing of the milk each day. Daily record blanks can be obtained, free of charge, 
from the Extension Service of the College. 

Complaints often come from members who fail to give the tester accurate information 
regarding the cost of feed, etc., and, when the report is given as to what their herd realh' 
did, the figures are far from being accurate and cause dissatisfaction. 

Members should strive, in every way, to co-operate with the tester and endeavor to get 
all information possible from him. The tester will not force suggestions or advocate 
changes unless he feels they will be received in the proper spirit by the various members, 
and, in order to get the greatest good from the work of the tester, it will be necessary to 
make your wants known. 

The Duties of a Tester: 

It shall be the duty of the tester to spend one day each month with each herd, going 
to the home of each member in the afternoon, weighing the feed which each cow receives, 
weighing, mixing, and sampling milk from each cow. In the morning the same oper- 
ations are repeated. The Babcock test is applied to the composite sample from each 
cow, the outfit washed, the necessary computations made and recorded on blanks for 
that purpose. After this, the official tester goes to the home of the nearest member. 

It is also the duty of the tester to figure out rations which will be of more profit than 
the one he finds being fed; to offer suggestions along the line of better milk production, 
questions of breeding, feeding, etc., as deemed advisable by the attitude of the member. 

What the Extension Service Will Do : 

The Extension Service of the Agricultural College stands ready to furnish all the 
necessary blanks, both for the regular work of the Association and the monthly record 
sheets for the individual members, free of charge. It also is ready and willing to send 
speakers for the monthly meeting whenever possible and to be of any legitimate service 
at any time desired by members of the Association. 
Benefits of the Association, as told by members: 

1 "Exactness replaces rule of guess." 

2 "Better feeding methods prevail." 

3 "Barns are improved." 

4 "Better bulls are purchased." 

5 "Community establishes a reputation for good dairying." 

6 "Buyers are attracted by good stock." 

7 "Records sell all good stock at high prices." 

8 "Farmers begin to think and live." 

9 "Saving in cost of feed, due to co-operative buying, often pays for membership in 
the Association." 

10 "Greater interest in the herd given by the herdsman." 

Any inquiries relative to Association work will be handled from the office of the 
Extension Service, Amherst, Massachusetts. 



Plan of Organization for Dairy Improvement 

Association. 

Dairy Improvement Association By-Laws. 

Articles of Association of the Dairy Improvement 

Association, of Mass. 

Article 1 — Purpose. 
The purpose for which it is formeci is generally to promote the dairy interests of its 
members and particularly to provide means and methods for testing and determining 
the cost of producing the milk of cows of the members periodically. 

Article 2 — Name. 

The name by which this Association shall be known is 

Dairy Improvement Association. 

Article 3 — Location. 
Its principal office and place of business shall be at Mass. 

Article 4 — Membership. 

Any person acceptable to the board of directors may become a member upon paying 
a membership fee of twenty-five cents. 

Article 5 — Dues. 

Each member shall pay a fee of twenty-five cents annually on or before the first. . . . 
The first annual dues shall be paid on call of the Treasurer. No mem- 
ber shall be allowed to participate in the election of the board of directors who shall not 
have paid his or her annual dues in advance. 

Article 6 — Annual and Special Meetings. 

The annual meeting of the members of this Association shall be held at a place desig- 
nated by the board of directors in the village of on the 

of each year at o'clock in the for the pur- 
pose of electing a board of directors and such other officers as may be provided by the 
by-laws and to transact such other business as may properly come before the meeting. 

Regular meetings shall be held on the of each month at such place 

and hour as the Association may by vote direct. 

Special meetings may be called by the board of directors and notice thereof shall be 
given by the Secretary by mailing to each member a written or printed notice thereof, at 
least five days prior to such meeting. Such notice shall state the object of the meeting, 
and no other business shall be transacted thereat. 

Article 7 — Officers. 

Sec. 1. The officers of the Association shall consist of a President, Vice-President, 
Secretary, Treasurer, and Board of five Directors, of which Board, the President and Sec- 
retary shall be members ex officio. 

The office of Secretary and Treasurer be held by the same per- 
son. 

Sec. 2. The officers shall be elected by a majority vote of the members of the As- 
sociation present at the annual meeting. 

Sec. 3. In case of death or resignation or removal of any officer his successor shall 
be elected at the first meeting of the Association, regular or special, held thereafter. 

Sec. 4. The board of directors shall have the management and control of the busi- 
ness of the Association and shall employ such assistants as they may deem advisable and 
fix the rate of compensation of such assistants. 

5 



Sec. 5. The board of directors shall meet prior to each regular meeting and upon the 
call of the President of the Association or at such other times as they may by vote deter- 
mine. 

Sec . 6. A majority of the directors shall constitute a quorum at all meetings of the 
board. 

Article 8 — Amendments. 

These by-laws may be amended, added to or altered by a majority vote of all members 
present at any annual meeting or at a special meeting called for that purpose. 



Survey Blank. 



Whereas, the Dairy Improvement Association has 

been organized for the principal purpose of providing means for the co-operation of its 
members in testing the milk of their cows periodically, and for the improvement of their 
dairy interests, and whereas, it is proposed by said Association to engage a suitable per- 
son for that purpose as soon as enough subscriptions are obtained to warrant said As- 
sociation to engage such person,, we the undersigned members of said Association, each 
for himself and not one for the other, severally agree to pay the sum of not to exceed 

dollars and cents a year for each cow set 

opposite our respective names to said Association for that purpose. Said fees are to be 

paid in installments in advance; the first payment is to be made as soon as 

such person is engaged by the Association. 

Each one of us also agrees to furnish board and lodging for said person for at least one 
day each month and convey him to his next place of work. Said person shall not work 
Sundays but shall have board and lodging every Sunday at the place where he worked 
Saturday. 



Name of Members. 



Cows. 




Dairy Improvement Association Member's 

Contract. 

Whereas, the Dairy Improvement Association is organized 

for the purpose of providing means for the co-operation of its members in ascertaining 
the relative merits of their cows, and in the economical production of dairy products; 
and 

Whereas, the Association agrees, from monthly tests made by an employee of the As- 
sociation, to furnish each member with a record of the individual performance of each 
animal subscribed, and to advise the members in regard to economical feeding and the 
improvement of their herds; and 

Whereas, I, , am desirous of becoming a member of said Association, 

for the objects above stated: 



6 



Now, therefore, in consideration of my admission to membership and the services 
above mentioned, I make this agreement with said Association and with the other per- 
sons who are now or shall hereafter become members of said Association. 

I agree and promise to pay to the treasurer of the Association the sum of ^S . . . . for one 

year's record of each of my cows entered, to wit, $ for the periodical testing of 

cows; with the following provisos, namely, that the charge of one herd shall be 

not less than $ for ten cows; and that the tester shall not test more than thirty 

(30) cows in one day, but shall give two or more days' service each month, in proportion 
to the number of cows in the herd if larger than thirty ; and I agree to pay for the yearly 
record of my herd on this basis. 

It is agreed that the rate of payment for additional cows entered after the year is be- 
gun shall be fixed by the board of directors, but shall not exceed 15 cents a month per cow. 
If a cow which is being tested dies or is sold from the herd before the year is over, there 
shall be no reduction in the amount to be paid; but another cow may be substituted for 
the dead or sold cow. Aside from this, no cow shall be replaced by another in the num- 
ber of cows undergoing test. The secretary must be notified before the second test of 
all new cows, whether substituted for old ones or entered as additional cows. 

I agree to make payments for such testing semiannually, the first payment to be due 
on or before the last day of the month in which the tester begins actual work, and the 
other payment to be due on or before the last day of the sixth month thereafter. And I 
agree to take or send the money to the treasurer of the Association without being called 
on therefor. 

I agree to furnish board and lodging for the expert employed as tester by said As- 
sociation for at least one day each month, and over Sunday if his regular course brings 
him to my house on Saturday; and to convey him to his next place of work, or to stable 
and feed his horse while he is staying at my farm. 

I agree to be subject to the by-laws of this Association. 

This contract is not to be binding unless the said Association secures a sufificient num- 
ber of cows to warrant starting operations. 

The term of this agreement shall be one year from the time the testing begins. 

(Signed) 

(Date) 

Witnesses: For the Association: 



Source of Data. 

The data contained in this bulletin were obtained from the records of two Dairy Im- 
provement Associations. The first series of tables are the records of the Connecticut 
Valley Dairy Improvement Association and are expressed in Scandinavian units; the 
second series of tables are the records of the Norfolk County Dairy Improvement As- 
sociation and are expressed in the regular way. 

It is the opinion of the author that while the Danish system is excellent for compar- 
ing the productive capacity of cows, it does not give results in dollars and cents, a con- 
dition extremely desirable for the average dairyman. 

It is to be hoped that an expression of opinion may be obtained from practical dairy- 
men regarding the value of these records, in order that subsequent publications may be 
printed in the most helpful form. 

7 



Connecticut Valley Association. 

In presenting the past year's work of the Connecticut Valley Dairy Improvement 
Association, based upon the Scandinavian Feed Unit System, it is offered with the 
following misgivings: 

1st. The system has been little used in this country and the results as portrayed 
may be more or less confusing to the reader. 

2d. The Scandinavian unit values differ slightly from the analyses of American 
feeds. (However, this error will be the same for all.) 

3d. Definite values should have been placed on the feeds by the tester each month, 
instead of lumping them at the end. The failure to do this was not a fault of the tester, 
Mr. P. W. Fuller, as the original plan was to publish the records in the usual manner. 

4th. It does not show in dollars and cents the returns for each cow and herd. This, 
however, is in accordance with a vote cast by the Members of the Association. 

Nevertheless, the system offers a means of studying the relative productive capacity 
of dairy cattle which is far superior to any other plan in common use at the present time, 
and it is hoped that this beginning will be considered in the light of an experiment, and 
that breeders and students will endeavor to profit by its lessons. 

In order that all may understand exactly what the Feed Unit System is, the following 
quotation is introduced from Henry's "Feeds and Feeding," pages 124 to 126: 



The Scandinavian Feed Unit System. 

A system of feed equivalents based mainly on the extensive experiments with milch 
cows and swine by Fjord and his successors at the Copenhagen Station, has been 
adopted in Denmark and other Scandinavian countries, especially by the cow-testing 
associations, for measuring the relative production economy of cows. This system is 
extensively used with cows, occasionally with pigs, and rarely with other animals. It 
has great merit, especially in co-operative efforts to improve dairy cattle and their feed- 
ing — lines in which the Scandinavian farmers are leaders. 

The Feed Unit. The feed unit of the Danish association is one lb. of standard 
grain feed, such as corn and barley, or their equivalents in feeding value. In Sweden it 
is one kilo (2.2 lbs.) of mixed concentrates or their equivalent. All feeding stuffs are 
reduced to this standard in calculating the feed consumption of the animal. The Dan- 
ish valuation table is as follows: 



Danish Valuation of Feeding Stuffs. 

Feed required to equal 

one unit. 
Average Range, 

lbs. lbs. 

FOR DAIRY COWS. 

Indian corn, wheat, barley, palmnut meal, dry matter in roots — the standard of 

value 1-0 

Cotton-seed meal, peanut meal 0.8 

Linseed meal, rape-seed meal, sunflower meal 0.9 

Oats, wheat bran 1.1 

Malt sprouts, molasses feed 1.2 

Dried beet pulp and molasses 1.3 1.2-1.5 

Whole milk 2.5 

Hay 2.5 2.0-3.0 

Wet brewers' grains, potatoes, straw and chaff 5.0 4.0-6.0 

Skim milk and buttermilk 6.0 

Silage, green clover, and mixed green grasses 8.0 6.0-10.0 

Mangels, rutabagas, carrots, beet pulp silage, and soilage crops other than clover 

and mixed grasses 11-0 8.0-12.0 

Beet leaves and tops 12.0 10.0-15.0 

Turnips and fresh beet pulp 12.5 10.0-15.0 

Beet leaves, fresh 15.0 12.0-18.0 



FOR PIGS. 

Indian corn, barley, wheat, oil cakes 1.0 

Rye, wheat bran 1 .4 

Boiled potatoes 4.0 

Skim milk 6.0 

Whey 12.0 



FOR HORSES. 

One lb. of Indian corn equals 1 lb. of oats or 1 lb. of dry matter in roots. 

It is shown in the table that 1 lb. of Indian corn, wheat, barley, palmnut meal, or the dry matter of 
roots is taken as the unit standard. On this basis 0.8 lb. of cotton-seed meal or 1.1 lbs. of oats have the 
same feeding value as the un'.t standard, 1 lb. of corn. Of the roughage, 2.5 lbs. of good hay, or 8 lbs. 
of silage, green clover, or mixed fresh grasses count as 1 unit. The grass consumed by a cow at pasture 
during 1 day is valued at from 10 to 16 units according to its quality and the production of the cow. 



Since working up the records from these figures, a revised Ust of values has been re- 
ceived from Mr. Hehnar Rabild, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, which 
seems to correspond more nearly to American conditions and should be used in later work 
of this kind. 

The records of the twenty-one herds totaling 234 cows, which follow, represent all of 
the cows which had completed a full year's work up to June 1, 1912. According to the 
tester's reports, about 400 cows were tested during the year, but of these nearly 25%, or 
97, changed hands, and their records were lost to the Association. 

The remainder for one reason or another had not completed a full year's record. 

Tables showing record of each cow with herd averages follow: 









HERD No. 1. 




No. of 


Milk 


Fat 


Units in 


Units in 


Total 


Cow 


pounds 


pounds 


roughage 


gram 


units 


1 


7605 


298.2 


3521 


2814 


6335 


4 


11328 


410.2 


3521 


3853 


7374 


5 


8053 


322.5 


3521 


2898 


6419 


6 


5903 


269.3 


3521 


2473 


5994 


8 


11339 


397.6 


3521 


4086 


7607 



Milk lbs. Fat. lbs. 
per 100 units per 100 units 



120.4 


4.7 


153.5 


5.56 


125.4 


5.02 


98.4 


4.49 


149. 


5.22 



1697.8 



No. of 
Cow 


Milk 
pound: 


4 


5756 


5 


5016 


7 


5529 


9 


4442 


10 


5703 


11 


6604 


12 


5979 


13 


5024 


15 


4948 


17 


5162 


19 


3448 


20 


3268 



60879 





HERD No 


. 2. 




Fat 


Units in 


Units in 


Total 


pounds 


roughage 


gram 


units 


193.5 


2983 


1904 


4887 


162.9 


2995 


1958 


4953 


272. 


3078 


1888 


4966 


218.4 


3061 


1610 


4671 


253. 


3053 


2037 


5090 


326.6 


2983 


1704 


4687 


291.2 


3070 


1907 


4977 


198.1 


3083 


1949 


5032 


249.4 


3083 


1559 


4642 


203.2 


3083 


1605 


4688 


165.1 


3146 


1526 


4672 


156. 


3146 


1057 


4203 



4.98 



Milk lbs. Fat lbs. 
per 100 units per 100 units 

3.96 



57468 



118.5 
100.4 
111.2 

95. 
112. 
143. 
120. 

99.8 
106.5 
111. 

74. 

77.8 

1270. 



3.27 

5.47 

4.7 

4.97 

6.98 

5.85 

3.94 

5.4 

4.35 

3.54 

3.7 



56.2 









HERD No 


. 3. 




No. of 


Milk 


Fat 


Units in 


Units in 


Total 


Cow 


pounds 


pounds 


roughage 


gram 


units 


1 


5427 


272.4 


2980 


1714 


4694 


2 


5431 


210. 


2980 


1714 


4694 


3 


9223 


287.8 


2980 


1714 


4694 


4 


6813 


235.6 


2980 


1714 


4694 


5 


6814 


240.4 


2980 


1714 


4694 



Milk lbs. Fat lbs. 

per 100 units per 100 units 



116. 
116. 
197. 
145. 
145. 

719. 



5.82 

4.48 

6.15 

5. 

5.12 

26.6 



10 



No. of 


Milk 


Cow 


pounds 


1 


9332 


2 


7859 


4 


10272 


6 


8572 


8 


8616 


10 


7320 


12 


6163 


13 


6498 


14 


8976 


16 


7671 


267 


6827 





HERD No 


. 4. 


Fat 
pounds 


Units in 
roughage 


Units in 
grain 


295.5 


3604 


2687 


263.6 


3650 


2530 


349.7 


3865 


2629 


279.5 


3602 


2216 


281.4 


3486 


1440 


256.6 


3323 


1492 


206. 


3412 


1382 


211.4 


3397 


1306 


362.1 


3442 


1679 


242.7 


3422 


1637 


216.8 


3410 


1276 



Total 


Milk Ibi 


units 


per 100 ui 


6291 


148.4 


6180 


127.5 


6494 


158.2 


5818 


147.5 


4926 


175. 


4815 


152. 


4794 


129. 


4803 


135. 


5121 


175. 


5059 


151.5 


4686 


146. 



5362 



4.7 

4.27 

5.4 

4.8 

5.7 

5.34 

4.3 

4.4 

7.6 

4.8 

4.6 



55.9 



No. of 


Milk 


Cow 


pound: 


2 


5446 


3 


4382 


4 


6126 


6 


4651 


7 


3531 


8 


6447 


11 


4873 


12 


5277 


13 


5788 


14 


5064 


15 


5029 


16 


702 


17 


5465 


18 


4488 


19 


3874 


22 


6101 


27 


6132 





HERD 


No. 5. 


Fat 


Units in 


Units in 


pounds 


roughage 


grain 


276.5 


3296 


1933 


248.2 


3425 


1547 


288. 


3758 


1606 


217.2 


3213 


1474 


175.2 


2797 


896 


289.6 


3213 


1153 


233.6 


3365 


1972 


265.2 


3480 


1093 


259. 


3382 


1565 


292.5 


3130 


1774 


247.7 


3075 


1802 


46.8 


2812 


362 


250.2 


3450 


1310 


262. 


3450 


1417 


230. 


3240 


1168 


297.8 


3410 


1575 


294.5 


3361 


1493 


4174. 






245.5 







Total 
units 

5229 
4962 
5364 
4687 
3693 
4366 
5337 
4583 
4847 
4904 
4877 
3174 
4760 
4867 
4408 
4985 
4854 

79887 



Milk lbs. Fat lbs. 

per 100 units per 100 units 

5.3 



104. 

88.5 
114. 

99.5 

95.6 
147.5 

91.5 
115.5 
119.5 
103. 
103. 

22.1 
115. 

92. 

88. 
120.5 
126. 



5. 

5.4 

4.6 

4.7 

6.6 

4.4 

5.8 

5. 35 

5.95 

5.1 

1.4 

5.25 

5.4 

5.2 

6. 

6.05 



87.6 









HERD No 


i. 6. 








No. of 


Milk 


Fat 


Units in 


Units in 


Total 


Milk lbs. 


Fat lbs. 


Cow 


pounds 


pounds 


roughage 


gram 


units 


per 100 units 


per 100 unit; 


2 


5644 


180.5 


3785 


1037 


4822 


117. 


3.8 


4 


3991 


162.5 


2777 


1018 


3795 


105. 


4.3 


5 


4683 


163.5 


3350 


1015 


4365 


107. 


3.7 


6 


4068 


140.9 


2800 


1055 


3855 


121.5 


3.6 


7 


4598 


151.5 


3350 


1087 


4437 


103.5 


4.4 


8 


5364 


227.5 


2876 


1092 


3968 


135. 


5.7 


9 


3996 


129.5 


2964 


1072 


4036 


99. 


3.2 


13 


3614 


110.7 


3210 


812 


4022 


90. 


2.7 


16 


4970 


202.2 


3220 


1001 


4221 


118. 


4.8 


17 


4156 


139.7 


3225 


930 


4155 


100. 


3.37 


10 


45084 
4508.4 


1609. 

1 60.9 






41676 


1097. 


38.6 




4167 


109.7 


3.86 



11 









HERD No. 7 




No. of 


Milk 


Fat 


Units in 


Units in 


Total 


Cow 


pounds 


pounds 


roughage 


gram 


units 


2 


6760 


255.4 


3215 


1777 


4992 


6 


7980 


292.7 


3215 


1975 


5190 


10 


6834 


235. 


3215 


1810 


5025 


15 


4388 


196.6 


3215 


1436 


4651 


18 


6842 


219.9 


3215 


1987 


5102 



32804 



4992 



Milk lbs. Fat lbs. 

per 100 units per 100 units 



135.5 


5.1 


154. 


5.6 


136. 


4.7 


94.5 


3. 


134. 


4.3 



4.54 



No. of 
Cow 

4 

6 

8 
10 
11 
16 







HERD No. 8 




Milk 


Fat 


Units in 


Units in 


Total 


pounds 


pounds 


roughage 


grain 


units 


6053 


249. 


3113 


1732 


4845 


3662 


138. 


3143 


1101 


4243 


5067 


186.4 


3016 


1222 


4258 


5268 


189.6 


3195 


965 


4160 


4533 


242.3 


2944 


1232 


4176 


4769 


205.1 


3078 


1739 


4817 



29352 



1210. 
201.6 



26479 
4413 



Milk lbs. Fat lbs. 

per 100 units per 100 units 

5.15 



125. 

86.8 
120. 
122. 
108. 

99. 



661. 



3.26 

4.4 
4.55 
5.8 
4.2 

27.5 









HERD No. 9 








No. of 
Cow 


Milk 
pounds 


Fat 
pounds 


Units in 
roughage 


Units in 
grain 


Total 
units 


Milk lbs. 
per 100 units 


Fat lbs 
per 100 u 


2 
4 
S 


7480 
7305 
4596 


258.8 
288.6 
213.7 


3082 
3082 
3082 


2154 
2356 
1944 


5236 
5438 
5026 


143. 
134.5 
91.5 


4.9 
5.3 
4.25 


3 


19381 
6460.3 


716. 
253.6 






15700 


369. 


14.5 




5233 


123. 


4.83 









HERD No. 10 




No. of 


Milk 


Fat 


Units in 


Units in 


Total 


Cow 


pounds 


pounds 


roughage 


grain 


units 


10 


7299 


231.4 


3073 


3118 


6191 


22 


8182 


316.5 


3007 


3362 


6369 


7 


5007 


204.4 


3127 


2440 


5567 


19 


7365 


274. 


2932 


3394 


6326 


24 


6508 


228.3 


3160 


2705 


5865 


20 


4869 


165.2 


3122 


2210 


5332 


16 


8410 


291.1 


3197 


3045 


6242 


15 


8007 


304.7 


3224 


3275 


6499 


18 


9036 


311.6 


3269 


3646 


6715 


23 


7109 


265.5 


3230 


3077 


6307 


17 


6888 


246.4 


3230 


2728 


5958 


42 


5694 


184.3 


3145 


2582 


5727 


41 


4764 


175.7 


3230 


2963 


6193 


13 


4145 


150.8 


3230 


2094 


5324 


44 


7225 


210.8 


3140 


3267 


6407 


12 


6421 


240.1 


3115 


2844 


5959 


11 


9009 


318.1 


3110 


3616 


6526 


43 


7291 


222.2 


3230 


2923 


6153 


18 


123229 


4331. 
240.6 






109860 




6846 


6103 



Milk lbs. Fat lbs. 

per 100 units per 100 units 



118. 


3.7 


128. 


4.8 


90. 


3.66 


116.5 


5.35 


111. 


3.9 


91.5 


3.1 


135. 


4.7 


113. 


4.7 


134.5 


4.6 


112.5 


4.2 


115.5 


4.15 


99.5 


3.2 


77. 


2.8 


78. 


2.8 


113. 


3.3 


107.5 


4. 


134. 


4.7 


118. 


3.6 



111.3 



12 









HERD Nc 


). 11 








No. of 
Cow 


Milk 
pounds 


Fat 
pounds 


Units in 
roughage 


Units in 
grain 


Total 
units 


Milk lbs. 
per 100 units 


Fat lbs. 
per 100 unit 


2 


4716.6 


228.3 


2874 


2280 


5154 


91.5 


4.45 


3 


5163 


230. 


2862 


1391 


4253 


121. 


5.4 


4 


6353.5 


325.8 


2951 


2088 


5039 


126. 


6.5 


6 


5908 


290.2 


2787 


3020 


5807 


102. 


5. 


8 


8133 


419.6 


2857 


3227 


6084 


134. 


6.9 


9 


7181 


325.1 


2900 


2270 


5170 


139. 


6.3 


10 


6010.5 


361.6 


2936 


2225 


5161 


116.5 


7. 


11 


5120 

48587 


237.1 


2842 


2168 


5010 


102. 
932. 


4.7 


8 


2418. 




41678 


46.3 



No. of 


Milk 


Cow 


pounds 


4 


4999 


7 


5592 


8 


5200 


9 


6441 


11 


5769 


14 


6834 


IS 


4741 


16 


4522 


19 


5167 


22 


5636 


23 


5205 


24 


7233 



HERD No. 12 



No. of 


Milk 


Fat 


Units in 


Cow 


pounds 


pounds 


roughage 


2 


5517 


244. 


3003 


3 


4948 


222.7 


2657 


5 


5315 


240.2 


3009 


6 


5541 


237. 


2955 


7 


5296 


227.8 


2787 


8 


4425 


193.4 


2988 


9 


5125 


224. 


2925 


10 


5357 


203. 


2756 


11 


4868 


228.3 


2690 


13 


4480 


207.5 


2748 


16 


5698 


215.2 


3109 


17 


5507 


192.7 


2586 


18 


3727 


179.3 


2531 


20 


4302 


188.2 


2989 


21 


4503 


211.8 


2978 


22 


3966 


201.3 


2983 


23 


4581 


192.5 


2704 


17 


83156 


3609. 





Total Milk lbs. Fat lbs. 
units per 100 units per 100 units 

4500 122. 5.45 

4366 113. 5.1 

4537 117. 5.3 

4808 115. 4.95 

4528 117. 5. 

4556 97. 4.25 

4979 103. 4.5 

4369 123. 4.65 

4344 112. 5.3 

4361 102.5 4.7 

.5088 112. 4.2 

4478 132. 4.3 

4055 92. 4.4 

4384 98.5 4.3 

4490 100.4 4.7 

4465 89. 4.5 

4317 106. 4.45 



76625 1842. 8o2. 

4507 108.3 4.7 



HERD No. 13 

Fat Units in Units in Total Milk lbs. Fat lbs. 

pounds roughage grain units per 100 units per 100 units 

218.8 3019 2296 5315 94. 4.1 

174.7 2986 2380 5366 104. 3.2 

198.9 2819 2446 5265 98.5 3.8 
252. 2992 2702 5694 113. 4.4 
244.6 3015 2326 5341 103. 4.6 

294.8 3024 2666 5690 120. 5.2 

208.9 2925 2197 5122 92.5 4.1 
206. 3015 1992 5007 90.5 4.1 

177.8 2945 2131 5076 100. 3.5 

230.9 2819 2331 5150 109. 4.5 
193.3 3005 2197 5202 100. 3.7 
251.5 3015 2554 5569 130. 4.5 



2616. 63797 1254. 49.7 



104.5 4.14 



13 



HERD No. 14 



No. of 


Milk 


Fat 


Units in 


Units in 


Total 


Cow 


pounds 


pounds 


roughage 


gram 


units 


1 


5991 


245.7 


3560 


2313 


5873 


2 


7707 


344.9 


3497 


2991 


6488 


4 


4949 


260.1 


3560 


2076 


5636 


5 


7065 


329.7 


3497 


2442 


5939 


8 


6402 


265.3 


3497 


2472 


5969 


9 


6987 


265.6 


3497 


2752 


6249 


10 


6028 


300.4 


3497 


2437 


5934 


11 


4297 
49426 


208.6 
2222. 


3560 


1571 


5131 


8 




47219 



Milk lbs. Fat lbs. 

per 100 units per 100 units 



102. 


4.2 


119. 


5.35 


88. 


4.6 


119. 


5.55 


107. 


4.45 


112. 


4.3 


101.5 


5.06 


83.7 


4.07 


832. 


37.8 



HERD No. 15 



No. of 


Milk 


Fat 


Units in 


Units in 


Total 


Cow 


pounds 


pounds 


roughage 


grain 


units 


1 


7788 


271.4 


3241 


3930 


7171 


2 


6778 


238.7 


3316 


2926 


6242 


3 


7353 


222. 


3339 


2844 


6183 


4 


7278 


247.5 


3086 


2869 


5955 


7 


11028 


395.9 


3281 


3527 


6808 


10 


5495 


229.3 


2881 


1732 


4613 


11 


7896 


280. 
1885. 


2961 


2672 


5633 


7 


53616 






42605 




7659.4 


269.3 






6086 



Milk lbs. Fat lbs. 
per 100 units per 100 units 



108.5 

109. 

119. 

122. 

162. 

119. 

140. 

880. 



3.8 

3.8 

3.6 

4.15 

5.8 

5. 

5. 



HERD No. 16 



No. of 
Cow 

2 
3 
4 
9 
10 



Milk 


Fat 


pounds 


pounds 


4905 


253.5 


8277 


361.7 


3191 


170.1 


6059 


316.2 


4809 


255.7 


27241 


1357. 


5448.2 


271.4 



Units in 


Units in 


Total 


Milk lb; 


roughage 


grain 


units 


per 100 un 


3302 


1772 


-SO 7 4 


97. 


3392 


3147 


6539 


127. 


3377 


1390 


4767 


67. 


3365 


2266 


5631 


117.7 


3330 


2143 


5473 
27484 


88. 






497. 






5497 


99.4 



5.5 
3.6 
5.6 
4.7 



HERD No. 17 



No. of 


Milk 


Cow 


pounds 


18 


5312 


34 


6022 


55 


6633 


41 


4581 


21 


7647 


30 


3813 


48-49 


7833 


33 


6312 


27E 


5489 


56 


5693 


17 


5626 


7 


7245 


59 


6927 


58 


6683 


16 


7307 


10-3 


1861 


25 


5553 


17 


100537 



Fat 


Units in 


Units in 


Total 


Milk lbs. 


Fat lbs 


pounds 


roughage 


gram 


units 


per 100 units 


per 100 I 


203.2 


3400 


2931 


6331 


84. 


3.2 


209.2 


3393 


2531 


5924 


102. 


3.5 


277.1 


3344 


2912 


6256 


106. 


4.3 


236.6 


3344 


1935 


5279 


87. 


4.5 


267.4 


3318 


2652 


5970 


128. 


4.5 


149.7 


3344 


2343 


5677 


67. 


2.6 


282.3 


3422 


4451 


7873 


99.5 


3.6 


251. 


3234 


2828 


6062 


104. 


4.15 


192.9 


3457 


2354 


5811 


94.5 


3.3 


188.5 


3384 


2720 


6104 


93. 


3.1 


210.3 


3703 


2278 


5981 


94. 


3.5 


239. 


3372 


4157 


7529 


96.4 


3.2 


270.2 


3177 


3239 


6416 


108. 


4.2 


237.8 


3374 


2800 


6174 


108. 


3.85 


220.8 


3474 


2825 


6299 


116.2 


3.5 


122.2 


3433 


2393 


5826 


32. 


2.1 


247.4 


3762 


2203 


5965 


93. 


4.15 


3806. 






105187 


1612. 


61.3 



14 



HERD No. 18 



No. of 


Milk- 


Fat 


Units in 


Units in 


Total 


Cow 


pounds 


pounds 


roughage 


grain 


units 


1 


4551 


210. 


3343 


1610 


4953 


2 


2603 


101.3 


3086 


849 


3935 


3 


4356 


202.8 


3136 


1542 


4678 


4 


5320 


233.7 


3851 


1772 


5623 


5 


3442 


198.3 


3667 


1314 


4981 


6 


4695 


183.8 


3618 


1492 


5110 


7 


7014 


223.6 


3175 


2342 


5517 


8 


4215 


167.5 


3184 


1575 


4579 


9 


4908 


219.2 


3305 


1823 


5128 


10 


4538 


241.3 


3547 


1757 


5.304 


11 


5073 


200.5 


3293 


1591 


4884 


12 


5230 


270.2 


3438 


1892 


5330 


13 


5432 


261.1 


3444 


1924 


5368 


U 


4168 


212.5 


3202 


1594 


4796 


15 


4429 


218.1 


3204 


1726 


4930 


16 


4455 


231.9 


3291 


1863 


5154 


17 


6057 


269.3 


3408 


2139 


5547 


18 


7140 


341.9 


3555 


2263 


5818 


19 


4902 


232.8 


3355 


1737 


5092 


20 


4551 


202.2 


3355 


1728 


5083 


21 


4421 
101500 


187.3 
4609. 


3392 


1791 


5183 


21 




107173 



Milk lbs. Fat lbs. 
per 100 units per 100 units 

4.2 



92. 

66. 

93.5 

95. 

69. 

92. 
127. 

88.5 

96. 
85.5 
104. 

98. 
101. 

87. 

90. 

86.5 
109. 
122.5 

96.5 

90. 

85.5 

1975. 



2.6 

4.3 

4.15 

4. 

3.6 

4.05 

3.5 

4.3 

4.5 

4.1 

5.1 

4.85 

4.45 

4.4 

4.5 

4.9 

5.9 

4.6 

4. 

3.6 

89.6 



HERD No. 19 



No. of 


Milk 


Cow 


pounds 


28-19 


5658 


20 


7280 


21 


7369 


22 


8331 


13 


4972 


10 


5539 


4 


6937 


2 


8039 



Fat 
pounds 

215.6 

295.7 

306.6 

387.1 

197.7 

251. 

271.7 

369. 

2294. 

286.7 



Units in 
roughage 

3138 
3161 
3162 
3123 
3111 
3142 
3156 
3111 



Units in 
grain 

2090 
2281 
2307 
2286 
2169 
2122 
1951 
2429 



Milk lbs. 



Fat lbs. 



Total 

units per 100 units per 100 units 

5228 108. 4.1 

5442 134. 5.45 

5469 134.5 5.6 

5409 154. 7.15 

5280 94.5 3.75 

5264 105. 4.75 

5107 136. 5.3 

5540 145. 6.7 

42739 1011. 42.8 



HERD No. 20 



No. of 


Milk 


Fat 


Units in 


Units in 


Total 


Cow 


pounds 


pounds 


roughage 


grain 


units 


25 


3540 


136. 


3021 


1790 


4811 


22 


3085 


165.7 


3021 


1677 


4708 


21 


2565 


130.2 


2348 


1129 


3477 


16 


4666 


258.9 


3096 


1832 


4928 


17 


4056 


157.4 


3139 


2027 


5166 


18 


3836 


153.5 


3164 


1658 


4822 


19 


2484 


200.5 


2947 


1642 


4589 


10 


6543 


293.6 


3273 


2381 


5654 


11 


4165 


176.5 


2887 


1787 


4674 


12 


5049 


247.7 


3266 


1929 


5195 


13 


4002 


172.1 


2951 


2140 


.5091 


14 


3438 


152.7 


2769 


1661 


4430 


8 


4200 


184.6 


3039 


1987 


5026 


5 


3725 


188.7 


3003 


1820 


4823 


6 


4981 


197.7 


3013 


2107 


5120 


15 


60235 


2816. 
187.7 






72514 




4015.6 


4834 



Milk lbs. Fat lbs. 
per 100 units per 100 units 



73.6 


2.8 


65.5 


3.5 


74. 


3.8 


95. 


5.25 


78.5 


3.1 


79.5 


3.2 


54.5 


4.4 


112. 


5.2 


87. 


3.8 


97.5 


4.8 


79. 


3.4 


77.5 


3.4 


83.7 


3.7 


77.5 


3.9 


97.5 


3.9 


1233. 


58.2 



15 









HERD Ni 


0. 21 








No. of 


Milk 


Fat 


Units in 


Units in 


Total 


Milk lbs. 


Fat lbs. 


Cow 


pounds 


pounds 


roughage 


grain 


units 


per 100 units 


per 100 units 


179 


6513 


242.8 


3332 


1678 


5010 


130. 


4.85 


198 


6216 


253.7 




1959 


5291 


117.5 


4.8 


187 


6624 


220.8 




2248 


5580 


118.5 


4. 


236 


4650 


168.3 




1321 


4653 


100. 


3.6 


229 


6690 


262.1 




2222 


55.S4 


120.5 


4.7 


160 


7965 


308.2 




2275 


5607 


142. 


5.5 


186 


4036 


141.2 




1489 


4821 


83.8 


2.9 


190 


3338 


171.5 




949 


4281 


78. 


4. 


219 


3786 


146.9 




1332 


4664 


81.2 


3.15 


218 


3114 


170.7 




920 


4252 


73. 


4. 


235 


5151 


188.8 




1403 


4735 


109. 


4. 


214 


4887 


170.1 




1548 


4880 


100.1 


3.5 


298 


6111 


208.6 




1555 


4887 


125. 


4.3 


175 


6103 


244.7 




1815 


5147 


119. 


4.8 


122 


7168 


269.3 




1925 


5257 


137. 


5.1 


137 


8478 


294. 




2106 


5438 


156. 


5.4 


231 


6573 


212.3 




1845 


5177 


127. 


4.1 


227 


5637 


216.5 




2169 


5501 


102. 


3.95 


185 


6237 


252.9 




2119 


5451 


114. 


4.6 


33 


5473 


237.9 




1743 


5075 


107.5 


4.6 


111 


6621 


300.8 




2161 


5493 


120.5 


5.5 


183 


6378 


243.2 


3332 


1874 


5206 


122. 


4.7 


224 


5187 


180.2 




1462 


4794 


108. 


3.8 


141-270 


7632 


237.5 




2291 


5623 


136. 


4.2 


24 


140568 


5343. 




122377 


2727. 


104.1 




5857 


222.6 


5099 


113.6 


4.3 








AVERAGES. 












Association 






234 cows. 










Pounds of Milk. 




6008.8 










Pounds of Fat. 




253.5 










Total units. 






5243.6 







Following are a few comparisons of different cows in the Association: 

The herd range in milk was from 4015.6 lbs. in a herd of fifteen cows to 8845.6 lbs. in 
a herd of five cows. The herd range in butter fat was from 160.9 to 339.5 lbs. There 
were ten herds above the average in milk production and ten below. In butter fat pro- 
duction 8 herds were above the average and 13 below. 

The range of individual cows was even greater than for herds. The lowest record in 
the Association was 702 lbs. milk and 46.8 lbs. fat. This cow, however, was not in a nor- 
mal condition and the record is not an indication of her capacity. The next lowest 
record was 2565 lbs. milk and 130.6 butter fat. The highest record of the Association 
was 11,328 lbs. milk and 410.2 lbs. butter fat. 

Attention is called to herd No. 1 , cows Nos. 1 and 6, for an example of the variation in 
the ability of cows to make good use of feed. Cow No. 1 gave 7605 lbs. milk and 298.2 
lbs. butter fat, and consumed 6335 units of feed, which was equivalent to 120 lbs. milk 
and 4.7 lbs. fat for each 100 units of feed consumed. Cow No. 6 gave 5903 lbs. milk and 
269.3 lbs. fat and consumed 5994 units of feed, which was equivalent to 98 lbs. milk and 
4.5 lbs. fat for each 100 units of feed consumed. Making allowance for extra feed and 
milk, cow No. 1 still produced 22 lbs. milk and .2 lbs. fat more than No. 6 for each 100 
units of feed consumed. 

In herd No. 5 we find that cow No. 3 gave 4382 lbs. milk and 248.2 lbs. fat on 4962 
units of feed, this being 88.5 lbs. milk and 5 lbs. fat for each 100 units of feed. Cow No. 8 
gave 6447 lbs. milk and 289.6 lbs. fat on 4366 units of feed, or 147.5 lbs. milk and 6.6 lbs. 
fat for each 100 units of feed. The low feed cost of No. 8 was due to the cow being dry 
during December, January, and February. 

16 



Herd No. 3 offers a good example of variation with cows getting similar rations. 

Cow No. Milk Fat Units Milk for 100 units Fat for 100 units 

1 5427 272.4 4694 116. .S.82 

2 54.S1 210. 4694 116. 4.48 

3 9223 287.8 4694 197. 6.15 




HERD 4, COW 4 




HERD 4. COW 8 
17 



In herd No. 4 we find that cow No. 4 gave 10,272 lbs. milk and 349.7 lbs. fat on 6494 
units of feed, this being 158.2 lbs. milk and 5.4 lbs. fat for each 100 units of feed. Cow 
No. 8 in the same herd gave 8616 lbs. milk and 2 1.4 lbs. fat on 4926 units of feed. This 
was equivalent to 175 lbs. milk and 5.7 lbs. fat for each 100 units of feed, or 16.8 lbs. milk 
and .2 lbs. fat more per 100 units of feed than did No. 4, which had'a large yearly total. 

Herd No. 15 contains two cows which gave practically the same amount of milk and 
fat, yet one gave a much larger profit than the other, due to difference in feed cost. 
Cow No. Milk 

1 7788 

11 7896 

Further study of the records will show many other points of interest to the careful 
dairyman. 



Fat 


Units 


Milk for 100 units 


Fat for 100 units 


271.4 


7171 


108. .S 


3.8 


280. 


5633 


140. 


5. 




A PROMISING YOUNG BULL AT THE HEAD OF HERD No. 21 

Norfolk-Middlesex Dairy Improvement 
Records. 

On the following pages will be found the records of the Norfolk-Middlesex Dairy 
Improvement Association. The figures are year totals for the different cows complet- 
ing a full year's test and are taken from the report of the tester, Mr. R. F. Johnson, with- 
out verification. They represent a statement of the feed cost for the cows, but do not 
include charge for labor, taxes, interest, depreciation, etc., which properly come into a 
complete statement of the herd for the year. Apparent discrepancies in value of milk 
are due in many cases to cows freshening when price of milk was fluctuating. 

In studying the data, close attention should be paid to the price of milk, as there is a 
wide variation in the amount received by the different men, and unless this is taken into 
account the relative value of cows or methods of handling cannot properly be judged. 

18 



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25 



AVERAGES FOR THE ASSOCIATION. 

Milk yield 157 cows 6784.2 pounds 

Value $182.38 

Feed cost $ 96.65 

Feed cost of qt. of milk S 0.037 

Returns for $1.00 spent for feed $ 2.01 

EXTREME INDIVIDU.A.L RECORDS. 

Highest Lowest 

Record Record 

Milk yield 12,405 3,048 

Value at 5 cent per quart S290.5S $70.85 

Cost of feed $132.96 $94.86 

Balance over feed $167.59 $24.01 

Cost of quart of milk $ 0.023 $ 0.067 

Returns for $1.00 spent for feed $ 2.19 $ 0.75 




HERD No. 



Interesting facts brought out by the data: 

In herd No. 1, cows 1 and 2, we note the wide variation that often exists between 
cows in the same herd. 



Cow No. 


Lbs. milk 


Value 


1 


5563 


$144.03 


2 


9593 


$247.24 



Feed cost 
$ 96.81 
$106.23 



Balance over Feed cost of 
feed qt. milk 



$ 47.22 
$141.01 



$0,037 
$0,024 



Ret. for 
one dollar 

$1.49 
$2.33 



The above statement cannot be taken as a true measure of the vahie of the two cows 
unless we know their age, heakh during the lactation period, etc. However, it does show 
that low producing cows are found even in herds with high average production and should 
be weeded out in order to bring the average well above the limit of profitable production. 

In records of herd No. 3, cows 73 and 84, we find material to contradict the statement 

26 



that "knowing how much milk a cow yiekis enables one to place a true value on her." As 
a matter of fact, the milk yield is of great value to the owner but is incomplete without a 
statement of cost of production. Cow 73 produced 5484 lbs. of milk costing $93.20, 
leaving a balance of $60.34; cow 84 produced 5442 lbs. of milk costing $98.08, leaving a 
balance of $54.15, or a difference of $6.19 in favor of cow 73. Deducting from this the 
value of 42 lbs. of extra milk at 6c per quart, we find that we still have $5.02 left, which 
is lO'c interest on $50. In other words, cow 73 was really worth $50 more than No. 
84, when considered in the light of an investment. 

In herd No. 7 we find that cow No. 16 produced 6069 lbs. milk, worth $140.37, with a 
feed cost of $80.82, leaving a balance of $59.55. The feed cost of a quart of milk was 
$0,029, and she returned $1.74 for each dollar spent for feed. 

Cow No. 15 in the same herd produced 11,672 lbs. milk, worth $271.44, at a cost of 
$96.21, leaving a balance of $175.23. The feed cost of a quart of milk was $0,018, and 
she returned $2.82 for each dollar spent for feed. 

Analysis of these figures shows that cow No. 15 received 19^0 more feed than No. 16, 
but produced 93% more milk and 194% more profit. 

It can safely be said that there are few herds in the state that could not furnish similar 
data were records available, but, owing to lack of interest, scarcity of help, etc., records 
are kept in comparatively few herds, and we find that these herds are mainly responsible 
for the annual state production being at the very low figure of $59.60. 

Wherever records are kept, either privately or by a Dairy Improvement Agent, an 
interest is awakened in good dairying and a large number of unprofitable cows are thrown 
on the market to be purchased by the man who does not keep accounts with his cows. 

Attention is called to herd No. 9, cows Nos. 16 and 21. No. 16 produced 8812 lbs. of 
milk costing $1 14.70, while No. 21 produced 10.894 lbs. of milk at a cost of $94.75. The 
ability of No. 21 to make better use of her feed resulted in her giving more milk at less 
cost and yielding a profit of S74.85 greater than No. 16. If this were capitalized at 10% 
it would give No. 21 a value of $748.50 greater than No. 16. 

On the other hand, had the product been sold on a butter fat basis, cow No. 16 would 
have produced 54.6 lbs. more butter fat than No. 21 (note test in second column of table), 
which at 40c per pound would have been worth $21.84. Subtracting from this the greater 
feed cost of No. 16 ($19.95) would still have given a balance of $1.89 in tavor of No. 16. 
Therefore the market where product was sold would determine which of the two cows was 
the more profitable. 

Facts Uke these should impress every dairyman with the necessity of keeping a com- 
plete record of his herd. If time does not permit, organize a Dairy Improvement As- 
sociation among your neighbors and hire some one to do it for you. In many ways this 
is better, for it insures the work being done on time, and from the records you are able to 
learn how your neighbor is producing milk at a reasonable figure. 

To illustrate this point, let us compare cow No. 8, herd No. 7, which received a wid^e 
range of home grown feeds and relatively small purchased grain ration, with cow No. 7, 
herd No. 10, where large amounts of low grade grains were fed. Cow 8, herd 7, pro- 
duced 8657 lbs. of milk, which at 6c per quart (price received in other herd) was worth 
$241.56, and cost $94.40, leaving a balance of $147.16. 

Cow 7, herd No. 10, produced 8618 lbs. of milk worth $240.48, costing $136.22, leaving 
a balance' of $104.26. $147.16 ($104.26-$1.08 value of 39 lbs. extra milk) gives a 
balance of $41.80 in favor of cow No. 8, herd No. 7. Without doubt the larger part of 
the difference was due to the character of the grain ration, as the cost of roughage was 
practically the same in each case. 

Many instances could be cited where the tester has pointed out these facts to the ad- 
vantage of the owner, but it is thought unnecessary to go further into detail to show the 
value of putting the dairy herd on a business basis. 

27 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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